Who Were the Harlem Hellfighters in World War I

The Harlem Hellfighters were an all-black combat unit whose heroic World War I service is once again earning recognition more than a century after the end of the war. About 200,000 African Americans served in Europe during WWI and, of those, about 42,000 were involved in combat. Those servicemen included the Harlem Hellfighters, whose bravery led the 369th Infantry Regiment, originally known as the 15th Regiment of the New York National Guard. The Harlem Hellfighters became one of the most decorated regiments in the war. In addition, they saw more combat and suffered more losses than other American units. Key Takeaways: Harlem Hellfighters The Harlem Hellfighters were an all-black military regiment that fought in World War I, during which the armed forces were segregated. The Hellfighters saw more continuous combat and suffered more casualties than any other U.S. military unit during World War I. The Harlem Hellfighters won a number of awards for their service, including the Croix de Guerre medal from France and the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor from the United States. Origins of the Harlem Hellfighters When World War I broke out in Europe, racial segregation was omnipresent in the United States. African Americans faced a series of statutes known as Jim Crow laws that prevented them from voting and codified discrimination in schools, housing, employment, and other sectors. In Southern states, more than one lynching of an African American took place per week. On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany and formally entered World War I. The first American troops arrived in Europe two months later. The U.S. military did not offer blacks respite from the racism and inhumane treatment they faced elsewhere in society. African Americans servicemen were segregated from whites, who balked at the idea of fighting alongside them. For this reason, the 369th Infantry Regiment was comprised solely of African Americans. Because of the persistent discrimination faced by black Americans, black newspapers and some black leaders thought it hypocritical for the U.S. government to ask blacks to enlist in the war. For example, President Woodrow Wilson had refused to sign an anti-lynching bill to protect African Americans. Other black leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, argued for black participation in the conflict. â€Å"Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our white fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy,† Du Bois wrote in the NAACP’s Crisis magazine. (When it was revealed that Du Bois hoped to be named a military captain, readers questioned if his sentiments were really valid.) The mistreatment of African Americans during this time was highlighted by the fact that not all military branches even wanted to include them. The Marines would not accept black servicemen, and the Navy enlisted a small number in menial roles. The Army stood out for accepting the bulk of African American servicemen during World War I. But when the troops departed for Europe in 1918, the Harlem Hellfighters weren’t allowed to take part in a farewell parade because of their skin color. Harlem Hellfighters in Combat In Europe, where they served for six months, the Hellfighters fought under the French Army’s 16th Division. While racism was a global problem in the early 1900s (and remains so today), Jim Crow was not the law of the land in European countries such as France. For the Hellfighters, this meant the chance to show the world what skilled fighters they were. The nickname of the regiment is a direct reflection of how their combat abilities were perceived by their foes. Indeed, the Harlem Hellfighters proved masterful foes of the Germans. During one encounter with enemy forces, Private Henry Johnson and Private Needham Roberts, wounded and lacking ammunition, managed to thwart a German patrol. When Roberts could no longer fight, Johnson fought the Germans off with a knife. The Germans began to refer to members of the Harlem unit as â€Å"the hellfighters† because they were such fierce fighters. The French, on the other hand, had called the regiment â€Å"Men of Bronze.† The 369th Infantry Regiment was also described as the â€Å"Black Rattlers† because of the rattlesnake insignia on their uniforms. The Hellfighters stood out not only for their skin color and fighting prowess but also because of the sheer amount of time they spent fighting. They took part in more continuous combat, or combat without a break, than other U.S. unit of the same size. They saw 191 days on the front lines of battle. Seeing more continuous combat meant that the Harlem Hellfighters also experienced more casualties than other units. The 369th Infantry Regiment had more than 1,400 total casualties. These men sacrificed their lives for an America that had not given them the full benefits of citizenship. Hellfighters After the War Newspapers reported on their heroic efforts, and the Harlem Hellfighters bravery in combat resulted in international fame in the U.S. and abroad.  When the Hellfighters returned to the U.S. in 1919, they were welcomed with a massive parade on February 17. Some estimates say up to five million spectators took part. New Yorkers from a variety of racial backgrounds greeted 3,000 Hellfighters  as they walked in the parade on Fifth Avenue, marking the first time African-American servicemen had received such a reception. It marked a drastic difference from the year before, when the regiment was excluded from the farewell parade before traveling to Europe. The parade wasn’t the only recognition the 369th Infantry Regiment received. When World War I ended, the French government presented 171 of the fighters with the prestigious Croix de Guerre medal. France honored the entire regiment with a Croix de Guerre citation. The United States gave some members of the Harlem Hellfighters a Distinguished Service Cross, among other honors. Remembering the Hellfighters Although the Hellfighters received praise for their service, they faced racism and segregation in a country in which racism and segregation was the law of the land. Moreover, their contributions to World War I largely faded from public memory in the years after the war. In recent years, however, these servicemen have been the subject of renewed interest. A famous photograph taken of nine Harlem Hellfighters before their 1919 homecoming parade intrigued National Archives archivist Barbara Lewis Burger, who decided to find out more about the men pictured. The following is a brief description of each man she researched. Pvt. Daniel W. Storms Jr. won an individual Croix de Guerre for gallantry in action. He worked as a janitor and elevator operator after his service, but died of tuberculosis three years after the victory parade.   Henry Davis Primas Sr. won an individual Croix de Guerre for bravery. He worked as a pharmacist and for the US Post Office after WWI. Pvt. Ed Williams’s combat skills stood out while battling the Germans at Sà ©chault, France. The Hellfighters endured machine gun fire, poison gas and hand-to-hand combat. Cpl. T. W. Taylor won a personal Croix de Guerre for heroism in battle. He worked as a steamship cook, dying in 1983 at age 86. Pvt. Alfred S. Manley worked as a driver for a laundry company after the war. He died in 1933. Pvt. Ralph Hawkins earned a Croix de Guerre that included a Bronze Star for extraordinary heroism. Following WWI, he worked as for the New Deal’s Works Progress Administration. He died in 1951. Pvt. Leon E. Fraiter worked as a jewelry store salesman after the war. He died in 1974. Pvt. Herbert Taylor worked as a laborer in New York City and reenlisted in the Army in 1941. He died in 1984. The Harlem Hellfighters also included Corporal Horace Pippin, who became a well known painter after the war. His arm was disabled due to a battle wound, so he painted by using his left arm to hold up his right arm. He credited the war with inspiring him as an artist: â€Å"I can never forget suffering, and I will never forget sun set,† he wrote in a letter featured at the Smithsonian. â€Å"That is when you could see it. So I came home with all of it in my mind. And I paint from it to day.† He painted his first oil painting, â€Å"The End of the War: Starting Home,† in 1930. It shows black soldiers storming German troops. Pippin died in 1946, but his letters have helped to describe what the war was like firsthand. In addition to Pippin, Henry Johnson has received significant recognition for his service as a Harlem Hellfighter. In 2015, he posthumously received a U.S. Medal of Honor for fending off a group of German soldiers with just a knife and the butt of his rifle. Legacy Today Museums, veterans’ groups, and individual artists have paid tribute to the Harlem Hellfighters.  The National Museum of African American History and Culture, which opened in 2016, has an exhibition called â€Å"Double Victory: The African American Military Experience,† which highlights the achievements of the Hellfighters and other black servicemen. The 369th Veterans’ Association was established to honor members of the 369th infantry, and the Hellfighters were the subject of a graphic novel called the Harlem Hellfighters. Sources â€Å"Remembering the Harlem Hellfighters.† National Museum of African American History and Culture.Gates, Jr., Henry Louis. â€Å"Who Were the Harlem Hellfighters?† PBS.org.Keilers, John. U.S. Declares War on Germany... U.S. Army Military History Institute, 13 March 2008. Ruane, Michael E. â€Å"The Harlem Hellfighters were captured in a famous photo. Now a retired archivist has uncovered their stories.† Washington Post, 11 November, 2017.Ruane, Michael E. â€Å"Harlem Hellfighters: In WWI, we were good enough to go anyplace.† Washington Post, 1 June, 2015.

The Importance Of Globalization - 1122 Words

Globalization is important to understand in order to determine what worked in the past and can be successful again in the future. Our many cultures, ideals and growing technology form together to create an extremely global world. We use products that were made on the other side of the world, and are taxed on practically everything. Whether the effects of our global society is good or bad, there’s no doubt that the world is constantly changing and impacting our livelihoods, so we must adapt accordingly in order to succeed. There are many pros and cons when trying to describe globalization. â€Å"There is no question that globalization has been a good thing for many developing countries who now have access to our markets and can export cheap†¦show more content†¦Politics is merging and decisions that are being taken are actually beneficial for people all over the world. This is simply a romanticized view of what is actually happening.† In the past few decades, people are starting to shift towards learning cultural anthropology to explore human variations. In fact, it has come to be a bit of a fascination. â€Å"There is cultural intermingling and each country is learning more about other cultures.† For example, studying abroad for college students has greatly increased in recent years. Students realize that living and learning in another country will give them a broader knowledge of the culture and gain a deeper understanding of their own identity. Similarly, â€Å"we have become more open and tolerant towards each other and people who live in the other part of the world are not considered aliens.† This is true in many cases, especially in the United States. Within our own country, we are much more accepting of sexuality, religious beliefs, and race. It has come to be a bit of a political correctness concept, but overall positive nonetheless. 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Barriers Can Limit Access to Opportunity Free Essays

Barriers can limit access to opportunity (Health and Culture diversity) When it comes to achieving opportunity, many people have to face barriers or challenges. For example, a child from a poor family background might have a goal of going to medical school and graduating with a medical degree. But in this case, the barrier could be financial. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers Can Limit Access to Opportunity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Likewise, a person moved from his country to another country for work. He found difficulty in understanding his colleagues who speak a strong regional or national accent. This could be a communication barrier and might be challenging to him. These barriers can limit access to opportunity. Nurses work with patients from a range of ethnic, cultural and religious groups and a people from diverse social backgrounds. So nurses need to know enough about diverse groups to develop an awareness that enhances planning and caring for patients. According to the nursing code of ethics, her primary commitment is to the patient whether an individual, family, group, or community. She is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum patient care. For example, a language barrier can be a challenge while provide quality care to patient. According to the nursing code of ethics, a patient has right of appropriate care, hence the nurse can confront with this barrier by assigning an interpreter who can work as a communicator between the nurse and the patient. It helps the patient to explore the real problem that is he facing. And a nurse can apply an appropriate method for his promotive, preventive and curative services which are the basic right of the patient. A Patient can also be from a different culture than that of the nurse. Hence, this could also act as a challenge while providing quality care. So she has to confront this situation by gaining more knowledge about the culture of the patient and respecting the patient’s morals and values. Failure to understand and manage social and cultural differences may have significant health consequences for people of diverse backgrounds. How to cite Barriers Can Limit Access to Opportunity, Papers

Drug Store Management free essay sample

In early days of the Web, a server could, dynamically constructs a page by creating a separate process to handle each client request. The process should open connection for one or more databases in order to obtain the necessary information. It communicates with Web Server via an interface known as Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI allowed the separate process to read data from HTTP request and write data to HTTP response. CGI suffered serious performance problems. Creating a separate process for each client request was expensive, in terms of processor and memory resources. It was also expensive to open and close database connection for each client request. In addition the CGI programs are not platform independent. Numerous CGI alternatives and enhancements, such as Fast CGI, mod_ Perl from Microsystems. While these solutions offer better performance and scalability, all of these technologies suffer from a common problem. They generate Web pages by embedding HTML directly in programming language code. Instead of embedding HTML in programming code, JSP lets you to embed specialized code (called scripting code) into HTML pages. JSP allows you to separate the markup language code; such as HTML from programming language code used to process user input, access databases, and perform other application tasks. One way of this separation take place through the use JSP standard and custom action elements in regular Web pages. Another way is to combine JSP with other Java Enterprise Technologies. For example Java servlets can handle input processing, Enterprise Java Beans (EJB) can take of the application logic, and JSP page can provide user interface. This separation means that with JSP, a typical business can divide its efforts among two camps that excels in their own areas of expertise, and comprise a JSP web development team with programmers who create the actions for the logic needed by the application, and page authors who craft the specifics of the interface and use the complex actions without having to do any programming. Another benefits are that a JSP page is always compiled before the server processes it. JSP page is compiled into executable code the first time it is requested, and invoking the resulting code directly in all subsequent requests. When coupled with a persistent Java virtual machine on a JSP-enabled web server this allows the server to handle JSP pages much faster. Java Server Pages is built on the top of the Java Servlets API, JSP has access to all of the powerful Enterprise Java APIs, including: JNDI (Java Naming an Directory Interface). Java is the default scripting language of JSP, but the JSP specification allows for other languages as well, such as JavaScript, Perl, and VBScript. Java acts as the front end, which drives its syntax from C and object-oriented features from C++. The main feature is platform independent. Java is popular among Internet programmers. It expends the universe of objects that can move about freely in cyberspace. Java can be used to create two types of programs, application and applets. An application is a program that runs on the computer, under the operation system of that computer. An applet is a tiny java program, dynamically downloaded across the network. 1. 1. 3 THE BYTE CODE The output of java compiler is not executable code it is byte code. It is a set of instructions to be executed by java run-time system called java virtual machine (JVM) it is an interpreter for byte code. Some of the java Buzzwords Simple Secure Portable Object-oriented Robust Multithreaded Architecture-neutral Interpreted High performance Distributed Dynamic SIMPLE It inherits the C syntax and many of the object oriented features of C++. It is the consolidated form of both. PORTABLE Programs to be dynamically downloaded to all various types of platforms connected to the Internet, some means of generating portable executable code is needed. SECURE With a help of java-compatible web browser, you can safely download java applets without fear. It is possible with the help of java execution environment and not allowing it access to other parts of computer. OBJECT-ORIENTED It organizes a program around its data and a set of well-defined interfaces to that data. Some of its concepts are as follows: Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance. Polymorphism Exception Handling ABSTRACTION It’s the way of hiding the internal details but showing the external behavior. Example is car without the details of how it was made. ENCAPSULATION It is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. In java the basics of encapsulation is class, which is shared by the objects. Objects are sometimes called instances of a class. INHERITANCE Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. It supports the concept of hierarchical classification for example golden retriever is part of classification dog, which in turn is part of mammal class, which is under the class animal without in each object would need to define its characteristics explicitly. POLYMORPHISM It is a concept that allows one interface to be used for general class of actions. Consider one example as stack. It is of three types one used for integer values one for floating values one for characters. The algorithms used are same in non-object oriented programming you would create three types of routines and with the help of polymorphism the general stack of routines is enough. EXCEPTION HANDLING Java provides very powerful exception handling mechanism. Exception handling minimizes the runtime loss. Java supports 100% Object Oriented exception handling mechanism in fact java itself is 100% OOPS. With the help of this feature various runtime errors are trapped and handled. ROBUST Java frees from having to worry about many of the programming errors. It checks the code at compile time and also at runtime. For example java eliminates the memory management problem by managing memory allocation and reallocation, exceptional condition such as division by zero can be resolved with the help of exception handling. MULTITHREADED Multitasking is a concept introduced in operating systems such as UNIX, Windows etc. , Multitasking is allowed only with 32 Bit Operating Systems. Multitasking supports concurrent execution of multiple tasks. The Operating System take care of the scheduling algorithms and switching logics. Now these powerful concepts in Operating Systems can be adopted in programming languages such as VB, JAVA etc. This technique is called as multithreading. Here program is divided into independent units called threads. Each thread can be executed concurrently. Java provides easy mechanism for multithreading. These are the programs that do many things simultaneously. ARCHITECTURAL-NEUTRAL Architectural Neutrality means Hardware independent. Cent percent Architectural Neutrality is not possible but we can develop tools to archive this with in very short period when compared with other languages. The main goal of it is that write once, run anywhere, any time. Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet, because it handles TCP/IP protocols. It is possible that two different computers to execute procedures remotely. Java revived these interfaces in package called Remote Method Invocation (RMI). Even the java libraries can also be distributed. EVENT HANDLING Event Driven programming model is a powerful one. We cannot predict the flow of execution before any user interaction. Systems Flow is completely controlled by the user’s action called events. Java provides event driven programming model, by its powerful libraries in AWT-Event and Swing – Event packages. Applets are event-driven programs. There are several types of events. The most common events are those generated by the mouse, the keyboard, and various control events are supported by java. awt. event package. 1. 1. 4 JDBC OVERVIEW: JDBC is a Java TM API for executing SQL statements. It consists of a set of classes and interfaces and interfaces written in the Java programming language that makes it easy to send SQL statements to virtually any relational database. JDBC extends what you can do in Java. With Java and the JDBC API, it is possible to publish a web page containing an applet that uses information obtained from a remote database. JDBC makes it possible to do three things: Establishes the connection to databases. Send SQL statements. Process the results. JDBC is a Low-level API and a base for Higher-level API. JDBC is a â€Å"low-level† interface, which means that it is used to invoke (or â€Å"call†) SQL commands directly. Because the JDBC API will tools and APIs, it also has to address the problem of conformance for anything built on it. 1. 1. 5 JAVA SOFT FRAMEWORK: Java Soft provides three JDBC product components as part of the Java Developer’s Kit (JDK): JDBC driver manager, JDBC driver test suite, JDBC – ODBC Bridge. The JDBC driver manager is the backbone of JDBC architecture. It actually is quite small and simple, its primary function is to connect Java applications to the correct JDBC driver and then get out of the way. The JDBC driver test suite tests that a JDBC driver implement all of the JDBC classes and methods and that it provides the entry-level SQL functionality for JDBC compliance. The JDBC – ODBC Bridge allows ODBC drivers to be used as JDBC drivers. It was implemented as a way to access some of the less popular DBMS’s if JDBC drivers are not implemented. Application The database server or back end is used to manage the database tables optimal among multiple clients to concurrently request the server for the same data. It enforces data integrity across all client applications and controls database access and other security requirements. SQL* Plus is a Structured Query Language supported by Oracle. Through SQL* Plus we can store, retrieve, edit, and run SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. Using SQL* Plus we can perform calculations, list column definitions for any table and can also format Query results in the format Query results in the form of a report. SQL is a non-procedural language because it processes sets of records rather than just one data at a time and provides automatic navigation to the data. Here one can manipulate a set of rows rather than one at a time. SQL commands accept sets rows as input and return sets as outputs. The set property of SQL allows the results of one SQL statement to be used as input to another. Here one need not specify the access method of the data. SQL is utilized as the communication language with the database among the database users like databases administration, system administrations, security. Administrators, and application programmers. SQL provides commands for a variety of tasks including: Querying data. Inserting, updating and deleting rows in and object. Creating, replacing, altering and dropping objects. Controlling access to the databases and its objects. The SQL language is subdivided according to their functions as follows: Data Definition Language (DDL) (Or) Schema Definition Language Data Manipulation Language (DML) Data Control Language (DCL) SQL* Plus is a program or a tool available for working with an ORACLE database. It allows the user to: Create tables in a database Stores information in the tables Changes information in the tables Retrieve information in the form you choose Performing calculations on it and combining it in new ways. Maintain the database itself. 1. 1. 8 COMPONENTS OF WEB APPLICATIONS: The client side web pages themselves increasingly contain programming logic such as JavaScript or Visual Basic Script, as well as embedded software components such as Java applets and ActiveX Controls that can provide advanced functionality to users. These client-side elements of a web application are depicted I figure 1, box number 1.