Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay

Knowledge And Practice Toward Breast Self Examination Nursing Essay Abstract A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the knowledge and practice toward breast self-examination (BSE), among a sample of female nursing student in University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu. Using a purposed questionnaire, a total of 40 nursing student years 2 from Nursing Department completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the respondents was 20 years (SD = 3.7). All of respondent (100%) were single. The percentages of nursing student toward breast cancer and breast self examination were high (95%) seventy seven percent (77.5%) of respondent were practice the breast self examination and only twenty two were not perform breast self examination. most of respondent are not regularly perform breast self examination, only 7.5% do it regularly. the obstacle to perform BSE is not sure how to perform BSE . The study findings suggest that the knowledge is but the practise is must be done regularly because the nurse should teach their client the right way to perform BSE. If the nurse cannot do it in right step how can they will teach their client Chapter 1 Background of study 1. Prevalence and incidence Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in most parts of the world. There is a marked geographical variation in incidence rate.   In 2000, there were 1,050,346 cases reported with 372,969 deaths from breast cancer world-wide. The incidence ranged from an average of 95 per 100,000 in more developed countries to 20 per 100,000 in less developed countries. The incidence (number of new cancers) is steadily increasing.   The statistics are more frightening in countries like the USA where about 184,000 new cases of breast cancer are detected annually. The National Cancer Institute estimates that by age 50, one out of every 50 women will develop breast cancer. By age 80, it will rise to one in 10. If this risk is calculated over their lifetime, one in 8 women will suffer from breast cancer. One in 28 will die of the disease.   One in 3000 women develop breast cancer during pregnancy and pregnant women tend to develop them usually in their 30s. (Only 2% of breast cancers are diagnosed in pregnant women.)   Presented in another way:   Every 3 minutes, one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer (USA) Every 11 minutes, one woman dies from breast cancer (USA) Every year, 30,000 women and 200 men are diagnosed with breast cancer (UK) In countries where rates have been low, especially in Asia, the rate of increase has been the greatest with steep increases in the incidence as well as death rate (mortality).   Adapted from American Cancer Society (2003). Breast Cancer in Malaysia Breast cancer was the commonest overall cancer as well as the commonest cancer in women amongst all races from the age of 20 years in Malaysia for 2003 to 2005. Breast cancer is most common in the Chinese, followed by the Indians and then, Malays and breast cancer formed 31.1% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in women in 2003-2005. Source from the National Cancer Registry The Age Standardized Rate (ASR) of female breast cancer is 47.4 per 100,000 population (National Cancer Registry Report 2003-2005). Amongst the Chinese, it is higher at 59.9 per 100,000 population, for the Indians, the ASR is 54.2 per 100,000 and it is lowest in the Malays at 34.9 per 100,000 population. A woman in Malaysia has a 1 in 20 chance of getting breast cancer in her lifetime The cumulative life time risk of developing breast cancer for Chinese women, Indian women and Malay women were 1 in 16, 1 in 17 and 1 in 28 respectively. The peak incidence appeared to be 50-59 years old. In comparison, the next (2nd) commonest cancer in Malaysian women in 2002 2003 was cancer of the cervix, which only formed 12% and 12.9% respectively of total female cancers. The statistics for Malaysia was sourced from the National Cancer Registry Reports 2002 and 2003. Over time, the pattern of cancers, including breast cancer will be better established. It is only with continued reliable data that important decisions on planning and policy management can be made for Malaysia. Estimates by the International Agency for Research in Cancers reported that in 2000, there were 3825 cases reported and 1707 deaths from breast cancer in Malaysia. Breast cancer is the commonest female malignancy in Malaysia and all over the world. Its incidence in Malaysia in 2000 was 41.9 cases per 100,000. In 2002, 4337 cases of breast cancer were reported to the National Cancer Registry with an incidence rate of 52.8 per 100,000 and accounting for 30.4% of all diagnosed malignancies in Malaysian women. One in 9 Malaysian women has a chance of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer incidence in Malaysia is intermediate between rates of industrialized countries like the US 91/100,000 and developing countries like India 19/100,000. This situation is not permanent since the rate in developing countries is rising as women adopt lifestyles of the developed countries. Disease risk varies by ethnicity. Lifetime risk is 1 in 24 for Malays, 1 in 14 for the Chinese, and 1 in 15 for Indians. The age at diagnosis shows an opposite pattern being highest in the Indians and lowest in the Malays. The differences among ethnic groups reflect different age st ructures and lifestyle choices (parity, breast feeding practice, diet). Genetic risk factors have not been studies thoroughly in Malaysia. The risk of the disease increases with age being maximal at age 50-59. Women in Malaysia present with larger tumors and at later stages than women in the US. Certain health beliefs, lack of correct information, and inadequate health care facilities are a barrier to routine early detection and treatment of the disease Breast Cancer is easier to treat the earlier it is found. For that reason, some experts recommend that women over age 20 perform a monthly breast self examination to look for new lumps and other changes. Breast self-examination is a simple, very low cost, non-invasive adjuvant screening method for the detection of early breast cancer in women. Its purpose is important in case of a prompt reporting of breast symptoms which are important early detection messages for women of all ages, and to make women familiar with both the appearance and the feel of their breasts as early as possible. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast self- examination monthly are more likely to detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence early treatment and to yield a better survival rate It was found that mortality had fallen by 31%after 6-years for women aged 40-70 at the beginning of the trial. Unfortunately despite the benefits of regular Breast self-examination, few women actually examine themselves; in fact, majority does not even know how to do Breast self examination. Although opinions conflict about the value of Breast Self Examination (BSE) 1.2 Problem statement Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women today and is the most common cancer among women. .Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. There is a marked geographical difference in the worldwide incidence of breast cancer, with a higher incidence in developed countries compared to developing countries. According to Malaysia cancer statistic (data and figure 2006) found that the incidence of breast cancer case according to age between 0-9 years is 1 case, for to age 10-19 years 6 cases and 20-29 years is 78 cases. It is show increase in cases and it happening to all groups. Because of that, it is very important for someone to detect early sign and symptom of breast cancer. All groups should know how to perform Breast self examination Breast self-examination (BSE) is a screening method used in an attempt to detect early breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a low-cost, low risk procedure that can be repeated at frequent intervals, and has been advocated as a self-performed screening procedure. 1.3 Researcher experience Trough author experience as a staff nurse in hospital and community health author found that many younger women at age 15-24 came to clinic to check the lumps because they dont know how to perform the right technique of breast self examination . Usually at this age they feel shy to expose their breast to be palpable. End of the result the condition becoming worse. And for author experience as a clinical instructor at Nursing department, a few of the student always came with complain of they have a lump at their breast but not sure it is a lump or anything else It is for this reason that the author chose to study students knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination. Having the knowledge of breast cancer could result in seeking medical attention early before complications develop. 1.4 Risk factors and symptoms of Breast cancer 1.4.1 Risk factors and sign symptoms: A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease, For example Smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidney, and ischemic heart diseases. But having risk factor does not mean than the disease is certain. Risk factors also can be divided into risk determinants and risk modulators. Determinants cannot be changed or influenced on the other hand risk modulators can be changed or influenced. A. Determinant risk factors: Gender: Being a woman is risk factors for breast cancer. Incidence of breast cancer in male is very low. Men account for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. Growing age: Incidence of breast cancer is low before 40. In absolute term advancing age is the greatest risk for developing breast cancer. About 17% of the invasive breast cancer diagnoses are women in their 40s.while, 78% of the women diagnoses the same invasive breast cancer when they are in 50s or older Genetic predisposition: Recent studies have shown that about 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary as a result of gene changes (called mutations). The most common mutations are those of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes Family history of breast cancer: Research has shown that women with a family history of breast cancer have a higher risk for developing the disease. Having 1 first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with breast cancer approximately doubles a womans risk. Having 2, a first-degree relative increases her risk 5-fold. Personal history of breast cancer: A woman with cancer in one breast has a 3- to 4-fold increased risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. Early age at menarche and late menopause: Early menarche and late menopause both increase the risk of developing breast cancer. B. Risk modulators (Lifestyle-Related Breast Cancer Risk factors) First birth at late age and low parity: Delaying childbirth or remaining childless increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The higher parities and earlier age at first pregnancy of women in many developing countries might account for lower incidence of breast cancer in relation to developed countries. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): It has become clear that long-term use (several years or more) of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT), particularly estrogen and progesterone combined, increases risk of breast cancer. Alcohol consumption: Recent studies have shown alcohol consumption increase the risk of breast cancer. In a summary analysis of epidemiologic studies, breast cancer risk increased between 40 and 70 percent with about two drinks daily. Obesity and high-fat diets: The relation between the obesity, high fat intake and breast cancer is complex. Most of the studies found obesity and high fat intake is the risk factors for developing breast cancer. But the relation seems to be not strong or consistent. 1.4.2 Warning symptoms of Breast cancer: Early breast cancer is usually symptom less. But there are some symptoms develop as the cancer advances. Breast lump or breast mass is the main symptoms of the breast cancer.Lump are usually painless, firm to hard and usually with irregular borders. Every lump is not cancerous, sometimes some lumps or swelling in the breast tissue may be due to hormonal changes or benign (not harmful) in nature. Beside these some others symptoms are important, like: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lump or mass in the armpit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A change in the size or shape of the breast à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Abnormal nipple discharge Usually bloody or clear-to-yellow or green fluid May look like pus (purulent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change in the color or feel of the skin of the breast, nipple, or areola Dimpled, puckered, or scaly Retraction, orange peel appearance Redness Accentuated veins on breast surface Change in appearance or sensation of the nipple Pulled in (retraction), enlargement, or itching à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Breast pain, enlargement, or discomfort on one side only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Any breast lump, pain, tenderness, or other change in a man à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Symptoms of advanced disease are bone pain, weight loss, swelling of one arm, and skin ulceration (Source: Medline plus Medical Encyclopedia: Breast Cancer.) 1.5 Research Objective 1.5.1 General Objective: To determine the level of the knowledge and practice toward breast self examination among year 2 female nursing student of University Sultan Zainal Abidin Terengganu 1.5.2 Specific objectives: 1. To determine the level of knowledge regarding breast cancer examination 2. To determine the practice of student on breast self examination. 1.5.3 Expected Benefit The result of this study will identify level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community. 1.5.4 Significance of project Breast cancer is easier to threat the earlier it is found. There is evidence that women who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) monthly can detect a lump in the early stage of its development, and early stage of its development, and early diagnosis has been reported to influence early treatment and to yield a better survival rate. Unfortunately , despite the benefit of regular BSE ,a few women actually examine themselves , in fact , majority does not even know how to do BSE and opinion conflict about the value of BSEmen who correctly practice Breast Self Examination (BSE) montly can detect a The aim of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and practice towards Breast Self Examination among nursing student and how frequent they practice the right steps. This study also will deliver the knowledge about right BSE to the student for them to apply on themselves and to expose the knowledge to the community. 1.5.5 Scope of the project Reference population : Student Nursing attending Medical and Health Science Faculty in UnisZA, Kuala Terengganu Study subject : Year 2 Nursing student in nursing Department at Medicine and Health Science in UnisZA during study period (1st January to 31 March ) 1.5.6 Definition of term Student anyone who is learning or someone who attends an educational institution (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia ) Nurse is a healthcare professional, who along with other health care professionals, is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill or injured people, health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings (Wikipedia and free encyclopedia ) Knowledge expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject Practice a method of learning by repetition Breast Self Examination is a method of finding abnormalities of the breast, for early detection of breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling. Chapter 2 Literature Review According to Israa M. Alkhasawneh et al (2008) It is therefore important for nurses as educators to have appropriate information and positive attitude toward early detection of breast cancer. The provision of cancer screening behaviour can be complicated by the fear and uncertainty associated with cancer. Nurses knowledge and awareness of breast cancer screening behaviour would impact patients behaviour by increasing their awareness. Forgetfulness is the most important reason for not performing BSE. Furthermore, the fear of finding a mass, not having self-confidence, not being knowledgeable about how to perform BSE, laziness, and the absence of breast cancer in the family were the other reasons students refrain from the procedure. The main reasons for not performing BSE in the current study also were not know how to perform the examination, not having any previous problems in the breast, forgetfulness, and laziness. Sakine Memis (2009) Nursing profession is one of them, and it is very important for self carefulness to be able to recognize the signs of their own illness. Breast self-examination is an examination that should be perfect for nurses. They have the knowledge of the clinical signs of Breast Cancer and of the examination technique, and they can do it themselves without consulting a physician. Furthermore, they are especially aware of the importance of the early detection of breast cancer for a successful treatment. It has been shown that confidence in ones BSE ability is strongly correlated to BSE practice in the general population. For more emphasis of BSE occurs in the work place and in undergraduate and postgraduate courses, nurses, teaching of BSE to clients may be increased. Also, the provision of BSE educational programs is necessary to increase nurses knowledge, confidence, performance, and teaching of BSE.( Ali Abu-Salem 2007) It is supported by Agghababai sodabeh et al (2006) the nurses have a role for health and nature of the nurse client relationship facilitates opportunities for health education. Breast awareness will not necessarily translate into women becoming more familiar with their own breast tissue, unless they are encouraged to look at and touch the breast as a normal part of self -care health behavior. Regarding to G Ertem, A Kocer a positive correlation was found between nursing work experience and their practice alongside BSE medical professionals. Almost all the nurses knew how to conduct BSE, but did not prioritize practicing it. Nurses have knowledge about breast cancer screening behavior, such as BSE, the rates of performance are not adequate. It is therefore recommended that to increase rates of regular breast cancer screening behavior, mass health protective programs be conducted, especially for female health workers who undertake the responsibility of raising breast cancer prevention and awareness in society.. (2009) Dr.Osama et al Positive correlations were found between nursing work experience and their practice in BSE as working nurses. Studies like these can enhance the knowledge regarding BSE among nurses and other medical professionals. (2007) According to Roupa Z1., et al (2002) the majority of the subjects in student nurse acknowledged the usefulness and the convenience of BSE in the early detection of the breast cancer. The majority of the subjects fail to perform BSE regularly. Considerable percentages of the subjects in student groups have insufficient knowledge of BSE. From Mehregen Hj Mahmoodi et al (2002) Seventy-five percent of the women knew about breast cancer prevalence, but only 27% knew that breast pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Although 73% of women did know that contact with a relative with breast cancer could not lead to development of breast cancer, the respondents knowledge of risk factors of breast cancer was not satisfactory. With regard to womens attitudes toward BSE, the majority believed that it is not difficult and time consuming or troublesome (63% and 72%, respectively). Sixty-three percent of the respondents claimed that they know how to examine their breasts, but only 6% performed BSE monthly. From study Ozgul Karayurt (2008), 6.7% of the students were performing BSE monthly and 20.3% of the students were performing BSE irregularly. Students knowledge about BSE might have affected their monthly BSE performance. However, only a small number of students who had knowledge about the BSE procedure were performing BSE monthly. The most common reasons for not doing BSE were not knowing how to perform BSE (98.5%), not expecting to get breast cancer (45.6%) and not having a close relative with breast cancer (42.9%).Consistent with the results of this study, in many studies, students noted that they did not perform BSE because they did not know how to perform it [4,29], and that they did not have a family history of breast cancer Chapter 3 Research methodology This chapter contains the research design adopted for the study, a description of the study site, study population, sampling and sample size, data collection tool and method, data analysis, inclusion and exclusion criteria; and ethical considerations. 3.2 Research design A cross- sectional quantitative study was conducted to determine the knowledge and practice of breast self examination. 3,3 Sample size 40 student of year 2 nursing student in department of nursing are selected as a sample for this study 3.4 Sample criteria inclusion criteria female age 18 years above year 2 student exclusion criteria male below 18 years year 1 and 3 student 3.5 Data collection tool and method Data collection was accomplished using administered questionnaire (See appendix A). The questionnaire was divided into 3 major parts. Part 1 Socio demographic data: age, education level, marital status, and number of children.. Coding for part 1: Question 1: Age Question 2: primary = 1, secondary = 2, tertiary = 3, none = 4 Question 3: Single = 1, married = 2, divorced = 3, widowed = 4, separated = 5 Question 4: none = 1, 1-5 = 2, 6-10 = 3, >10 = 4 Part II : Knowledge of breast self examination: Coding for part II Question 5 : S 1- S 5 True = 2 (correct answer ) False = 0 Question 6: S 1 S 10 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Question 7: S1 true = 2 (correct answer) false = 0 S2 S4 False 2 (correct answer ) , True 0 Question 8 : S1- S3 True =2 (correct answer), false = 0 Question 9 : Yes = 0 No= 2 (correct answer) Question 10 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 11 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 12 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 13 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 14 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 15 : Yes = 2 (correct answer) No= 0 Question 16: S 1 S 3 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Question17: S 1 S 2 True -2(correct answer) False = 0 Part 111 : Practice Question 18: Yes = (Practice), no (not practice) Question 27.1: monthly- 1 , every six month 2, yearly- 3 , never practice- 4 Question 27.2: forgetting = 1, not sure how to do it = 2, difficult to perform = 3, never taught how to do it = 4 Data collection was done by the researcher, from Feb. 2011 to Mac 2011 , which is a period of one months. 3.6 Data analysis Questionnaires were coded to suit computer statistical package and data was imported into Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Analysis was done using SPSS to calculate mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution according to knowledge and practice of breast cancer examination. Questions to assess the knowledge of breast self examinations and the knowledge questions were and the scores were categorizes as follows: 34 = high. The total marks for the knowledge are 70 3.7 Ethical considerations The research was commenced only after receiving the approval of the Research Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Faculty of Health Sciences- University Technology Mara, and the local authority from Dean, Medicine and Health Science Faculty UniSZA, written informed consent was sought from the study participants at the commencement of the study. The aims and objectives of the research were introduced to the participants.. They were informed that their participation was voluntary and they were free to decline from the study at any stage. Participants were assured of their confidentiality while they participated in the study and privacy was maintained by not writing their names on the question CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 4.1.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents Forty female student nursing student are participate in this study .the table of the social demographic characterized are shown on table 1. Majority of the female nursing student are same age, single and same educational level because they are join nursing course after Malaysian Certificated Education (SPM) Table 1 Variables Frequency % Age 0 0% 20 and above 40 100% Education level Secondary 0 0 Tertiary level 40 100% Marital status Single 40 100% Married 0 0 Widowed 0 0 Number of children none 0 0 1-3 0 0 4-5 0 0 >6 0 0 4.1.2 Level of knowledge 4.1.3 Symptoms of breast cancer Very few of the respondents that only 5 (12.5% ) knew that pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Majority of the respondents 37 (92.5%) knew that lump in the breast is a symptom of breast cancer. The commonest presentation of breast cancer which is a painless breast lump only a third 16(40%) of the respondents knew about it. A very of the respondents 4 (10%) knew about nipple discharge as a symptom of breast cancer, while more of the respondents 35(87.5%) had knowledge on skin changes as shown on table 2 below. Symptom True % False % Pain in the breast 35 87.5 5 12.5 Lump in the breast 37 92.5 3 7.5 Painless lump 16 40 24 60 Nipple discharge 4 10 36 90 Skin changes 35 87.5 5 12.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.4 Risk factor of breast cancer Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) did not knew about family history of breast cancer as a risk factor. That is same with risk factor where only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew about never given birth as a risk factor for breast cancer. This also applied to having many children, only one third of the respondents 11(27.5%) knew that it was not a risk factor. More than half of the respondents 30 (75%) knew that advancing age is also a risk factor for breast cancer. More than a half of the respondents 37(92.5%) knew that breast feeding is not a risk factor for breast cancer. Very few of the respondents 5(12.5%) had knowledge that oral contraceptive is a risk factor for breast cancer. Only one of the respondents 1(2.5%) knew that tobacco intake as well as excessive alcohol intake are risk factors for breast cancer respectively. One third of the respondents 12(30%) knew that high dietary intake is a risk factor. Being obese as one of the risk factor and more than half of the respondents 28(70%) knew about it. Thin women is not a risk factor for breast cancer only 19(47.5%) knew about it, as shown on the table 3. Statement true % false % Family history 39 97.5 1 2.5 Never giving birth 1 2.5 39 97.5 Having many children 29 72.5 11 27.5 Advancing age 10 25 30 75 Breast feeding 37 92.5 3 7.5 OCP 5 12.5 35 87.5 Tobacco intake 1 2.5 39 97.5 Excessive alcohol intake 1 2.5 39 97.5 High dietary fat intake 12 30 28 70 Obesity 28 70 12 30 Thin women 21 52.5 19 47.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.5 Protective factor of breast cancer Table 4 below shows the protective factors for breast cancer, All of the respondents 40(100%) and most of them knew that breast feeding is a protective factor for breast cancer and they also knew that not to be a breast feeding is not protective factor for breast cancer . The fact that you are young you are protected from the breast cancer, however half of the respondents 22(55%) knew about it. Having first child at older age almost half of the respondents 17(42.5%) knew that it is not a protective factor. Table 4 statement true % false % Breast feeding 40 100 0 O Not to breast feeding 6 15 34 85 Young age 22 55 18 45 Erderly primid 23 57.5 17 42.5 (Correct answer are highlighted in bold) 4.1.6 Method can detect breast cancer Majority of the respondents 39(97.5%), and 38(95%) knew that breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammogr

How hard is hardware disease

As a husbandman is walking through his field one forenoon, he spots a small spot of rusty woven wire that has been knocked from the fencing. He keeps walking by and does non believe anything else of the woven wire piece. Why would he? It ‘s merely a small piece of metal right, no harm will be done ; he can ever pick it back up the following clip he comes through? Wrong, metal, of any sort that has been left out in the field with farm animal is a danger to the animate being every bit good as the husbandman. This is because the animate being could perchance devour the metal and contract what many carnal scientists know as hardware disease. Hardware disease can strike any ruminant at any clip after the metal is consumed. If the metal is in the right topographic point at the incorrect clip the husbandman loses his farm animal. The proprietor needs to be cognizant of the definition, marks, intervention and bar of hardware disease for their animate beings. Some inquiries that a husba ndman may hold when raising cowss and worrying about hardware disease can be how will this impact the cowss that are raised? Will the animate being ‘s public presentation go down? How dearly-won is this disease? How fast can the carnal be affected by the disease? Is it treatable? How can the husbandman prevent hardware disease? Does the disease affect cowss that are a certain age, or does it count? When it comes to hardware disease many persons are non truly certain what it is. Hardware disease in layperson ‘s footings can be classified as a disease where the animate being ingests a metal object into their Reticulum. Once the metal gets into the Reticulum, it becomes difficult to free and will frequently clip remain at that place in the cow until it dies of natural causes. Sometimes though, the bovine that ingests metal will hold a serious job really fast. The animate being, if the hardware does acquire lodged into the Reticulum has a opportunity in puncturing the Reticulum. If this does go on of class the animate being will hold some kind of infection Oklahoman or subsequently. The animate being could besides decease, rapidly. Harmonizing to the University of Missouri frequently times hardware disease is caused by any signifier of a crisp object that makes its manner through the tummy wall and finds its manner to the bosom ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cowss ingest the foreign object, normally something like a nail or a little piece of wire that is left after a fencing occupation, it may happen its manner to the bosom therefore killing the animate being in a painful mode ( UoM 1993 ) . More frequently than non you can normally happen the object in the chamber of the tummy known as the Reticulum ( UoM 1993 ) . The Reticulum is the portion of the cow ‘s tummy that is like a baseball baseball mitt it catches all of the foreign stuff that should non travel through a cow ‘s enteric system but allows feed to go through through ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cow moves or does something to do any type of musculus contraction the foreign object may be forced through the wall which may do incursion to the stop and or bosom pouch ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease is the common name for traumatic gastritis and traumatic reticulates. Cattles that have traumatic gastritis are classified into three groups, sub-acute local, chronic and acute diffuse type. As of right now there are two types of intervention for traumatic gastritis conservative and rumenotomy. A cow that has acute diffuse peritoneal inflammation has a really high opportunity of being fatal, but if it is treated with antibiotics through an intra-peritoneal injection may hold a little opportunity of recovery ( Yoshida 1984 ) . Traumatic reticulates is normally found in older cowss where a piece of foreign object penetrates the wall of the Reticulum during the remastication procedure ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) . Following infections spread along the object to countries around the venters, bring forthing abscess and adhesions, in some instances the object will travel through the thorax leting for there to be abscess in the thorax, and during terrible instances the i nfection goes to the exterior of the bosom. ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) But some still refer to its scientific name of Traumatic reticuloperitionitis, and is really non a disease at all. Harmonizing to Oregon State, and West Virginia University, Hardware disease is a mechanical hurt to the Reticulum that is caused when a bovine ingest crisp metal objects such as nails, prison guards, and little pieces of wire ( OSU 2009, WVU ) . Basically, the animate being will consume the metal out in a field or in a hay bale. For hardware disease to take impact the animate being has to consume the metal. Although, the animate being can consume crisp fictile objects every bit good as crisp stones or other objects and hardware disease will be the consequence. Basically, anything that is difficult, crisp and pointy could perforate through the animate being and cause hardware disease. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains it like this, when cowss ingest spots of foreign objects in the signifier of nail, wire, plastic, or anything else that can puncture a hole in the side o f the Reticulum. The objects move into the Reticulum or are able to steal yesteryear and move into the first stomachs. They are so pushed over the ruminoreticular crease by contractions. The objects end up in the reticulo-omasal opening is where the foreign object tends to incorporate heavier objects located in the Reticulum, while form object frequently get stuck in the honeycomb-like reticulas mucous membrane traps ( Merck Veterinary Manual 2008 ) . The University of Missouri extended services states that 55 to 75 per centum of cowss slaughtered in the eastern portion of the United States were found to hold hardware in their system. ( UoM 1993 ) It is a admiration that non all cowss have a job with hardware disease. This merely concludes that hardware may be in the system of the cowss but non bring forth any harm to the digestive piece of land. This is no ground for the husbandman non to clean up his Fieldss. There is ever a opportunity that the cowss will non hold a job, but so once more there is ever a opportunity that there will. No 1 should take the opportunity like that with their animate beings. For the cow, when it ingests a foreign object the actions that the tummy takes may coerce the object through the Reticulum wall ( Thomas 1998 ) . The danger of this is that one time the foreign object such as a nail, piece of wire or even a form stone makes its manner through the wall it has a high opportunity of puncturing a critical organ ( Thomas 1998 ) . When it comes to seeing marks of hardware disease it depends on the topographic point that the object penetrates. During the early phases of hardware disease, during the first twenty-four hours the Reticulum has been penetrated, the symptoms may be confused as sings of dyspepsia and in a grain provender carnal ague saccharide overload ( Thomas 1998 ) . Any animate being that goes through dyspepsia is unwilling to eat or make much of anything, irrespective of the cause. A few of the most common marks that you will see are the animate being will be in a hurting and besides the animate being will non hold an appetency ( UA ) . The animate being will besides stand with an arched dorsum or be unwilling to walk ( WVUE ) . All in all, the animate being will be in uncomfortableness. Besides, when the cow may be forced to walk you can frequently hear it doing a grunting sound. This is because the animate being is in hurting. If the object somehow penetrates around the bosom and happens to migrate forward that it will do an infection that is most frequently fatal. The infection will happen merely if the animate being does non decease instantly. The University of Missouri explains, the redness will annoy the pneumogastric nervus, the pneumogastric nervus controls the first stomachs contractions and the pneumogastric disturbs this action. When the pneumogastric nervus is irritated the consequence is bloat, these symptoms may lessen and even disappear within on e to seven yearss, but may reoccur shortly afterwards. ( UoM 1993 ) . Another mark that may be present in the cow is when you look at the jugular channel you are able to see the vena ( WVUE ) . When seeking to calculate out whether or non it is really hardware disease, the diagnosing is made on observations of any of the clinical marks above. There is non a 100 per centum guaranteed that it is hardware because there are so many other diseases that are present with the same marks. All in all a withers trial can be done by squashing the anchor of the cow merely above the withers to see if the carnal oinks. This shows that the hurting is located in that front half of the cow ( WVUE ) . In cowss, â€Å" if peritoneal inflammation is terrible, the animate being may decease within a twosome of yearss † ( Thomas 1998 ) . If the cow has chronic peritoneal inflammation than it you may non see the symptoms for months but the animate being will be in changeless uncomfortableness ( Thomas 1998 ) . Therefore, if hardware disease is happening the animate being in inquiry may merely non be making so good but hardware disease is a an error because it is non seeable, which should be followed by an scrutiny by an veterinarian ( Thomas 1998 ) . It is much easier to forestall any kind of disease instead than handling it or seeking to bring around it. It is besides non merely easy but cheaper in the long tally to forestall the diseases. The easiest manner to forestall hardware disease is make certain that you pick up each and every piece of metal that is out in the field, that includes every nail that you drop while nailing up boards, every piece of barb-wire that you cut off, every bit good as the little nuts and bolts that everybody tends to drop. The figure one bar method revolves around the direction of the eating and croping countries to avoid the consumption of foreign objects. If grazing lands are managed right for feeding and graze, the husbandman should ne'er hold to worry about their carnal acquiring hardware disease. There is plentifulness of information available on the cyberspace and in veterinary offices. There is besides adequate information available from the local extension office every bit good as several bo oks to forestall about any curable or treatable disease. Companies are besides assisting out with the job of hardware disease by seting magnets in provender Millss and eatage harvest home equipment, although these are non 100 per centum they help. Metal is non the lone object that the cowss will consume, they will on occasion consume fictile point therefore a magnet will non because it will non be able to maintain the point in one topographic point ( WVUE ) . As everybody knows we can non alter the eating wonts of cowss, so accordingly we have to happen other methods of maintain the metal fro harming the farm animal. One method that works is to infix a magnet in to the cow at an early age, the metal that is eaten will more than probably happen its manner to the magnet and halt there and travel no farther. The magnet is merely able to make so much so if the cow is demoing marks of hardware disease so it would be necessary to infix another magnet. The magnets are reasonably inexpensiv e and will assist out in the long tally. They merely cost about two to five dollars and if you are able to acquire them back from the slaughter house they are even cheaper. Magnets are a batch less in expensive than the cost of surgery ( WVUE ) . With any disease, the bar of the certain disease is a batch cheaper than the cost of surgery or intervention. The easiest thing to make for any husbandman is to maintain all metal out of the field and out of range at all times. Cattle should besides be kept off from any building site because they are able to pick up any loose stuff that finds its manner into the field and besides they might seek to acquire to things that are on the other side of the fencing when they are running out of eatages in the field that they are in. Any loose stuff that is in or around a field that can do jobs for farm animal should be picked up to forestall any kind of hardware disease job. There have been several documented instances in the universe for cowss that have had jobs with hardware disease. In 1999 Rancher Janie Easterbrook claims that the contact that her cowss had with a lodging development caused them to acquire hardware disease. She told the newsman that spots of metal can remain in the tummy for a long clip before they do any harm. Hardware disease can strike at any clip and all it takes is emphasis or anything that causes the tummy to contract. In the cowss happenings such as, gestation will travel the metal object through the wall, along with tummy contractions and external respiration. The cow could be traveling the right manner at the incorrect clip to do the metal in the Reticulum to be a job. The necropsy studies on her last three cattles, listed the cause of decease to be hardware disease. Easterbrook stated that since she had been raising cowss in 1993 she had ne'er lost a cow to hardware disease ( Buckly ) . Let ‘s take for case that cow an grownup cow cost around 1500 dollars and a calf cost around 600 dollars. In a herd of 100 cattles and 50 calves if you lose 6 cattles and 3 calves so you are losing over 10 thousand dollars due to a disease that is non truly a disease. In any instance, even if merely one cow in your herd of 100 dies, that is still one cow excessively many. It is about absurd at the proprietor ‘s ignorance if the carnal gets hardware disease. There is excessively much information available online and in any carnal related office non to be cognizant of th is disease. Once the proprietor is cognizant of the disease, it is improbably easy to forestall it. If you are non able to forestall your cowss from acquiring hardware disease so the following best thing is intervention. The best thing for you to make in fixing you cattle for hardware disease is to believe as if your cow has hardware disease. This means puting a magnet in the cowss ‘s bow tummy. ( WVUE ) Besides harmonizing to the University of Missouri, another intervention is to put the front pess of the cow on a platform someplace about 6 to 8 inches off the land as this may halt the foreign object from traveling frontward ( UoM 1993 ) This method of intervention takes approximately 10 to 20 yearss, besides the husbandman should administrate antibiotics to will maintain the spread of infection down ( UoM 1993 ) . There is a 20 to 30 percent addition of recovery when you are able to catch hardware disease early ; unlike if you let it travel untreated there is an 80 – 90 per centum opportunity of decease. ( MVM 2008 ) Another intervention is surgery called rumenotomy which means that you have to manually take to object or objects, besides the physician needs to look for abscess on the Reticulum so that they can be opened up and drained back into the Reticulum ( MVM 2008 ) . If the bovine does hold this process done, at least some signifier of antibiotics need to be administered ( MVM 2008 ) . The veterinary intervention for hardware disease includes the usage of an anti-bacterial to command the redness of the peritoneal inflammation and besides a magnet is given to halt it from go oning once more ( MVM 2008 ) . Like many husbandmans may cognize, Penicillin is a really effectual antibiotic. It is inexpensive and easy to administrate and can be really effectual against hardware disease. Cows that are affected, like any animate being that has a disease or enfeebling upset should be placed off from the remainder of the herd for at least 1 to 2 hebdomads ( MVM 2008 ) . The cow needs to be kept comfy every bit much as possible and by all agencies, dem ands to hold the hazard of deeper incursion cut down. When handling for hardware disease, the usage of unwritten or Four fluids should be administered whenever they are needed to maintain the carnal healthy during this clip ( MVM 2008 ) . The IV fluids will maintain the cow from acquiring dehydrated, besides if the animate being is unable to eat during this clip and unable to ruminate, the IV fluids will be of aid. With IV fluids, about anything can be placed in them, like electrolytes and other beginnings of foods to maintain the carnal alive. In some cases, the cow may profit from first stomachs vaccination ( MVM 2008 ) . This is good because first stomachs vaccination can help with the loss of normal vegetations and ruminal stasis in the intestine ( MVM 2008 ) . With cowss that have more of a terrible instance of hardware disease, instances that will be you more in the long tally if you try to handle them necessitate to be looked at through an economic point of view, if the cow h as no value so they should be sent off to butcher if they are able to go through the review that a batch of slaughter houses have ( MVM 2008 ) . The proprietor must retrieve if a bovine of all time gets into this muss, that it is wholly 100 % preventable. Picking up wire and other metal pieces will extinguish the hazard of the cowss acquiring this disease in your herd. If any cow in your herd were to acquire hardware disease the proprietor must cognize the forecast for the animate being if they opt to handle them. Any proprietor who has an animate being that is sick in any manner needs to cognize the hazards of the intervention and of the complaint it has. For any disease the definition of forecast is the idea of what the result might be in the terminal ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease, for the animate being ‘s forecast, it differs from each animate being as no 2 are every truly the same ( UoM 1993 ) . The proprietor and veterinarian, when make up one's minding to handle an animate being with hardware disease ; needs to find how long the status has been present so that they can do a proper intervention program ( UoM 1993 ) . Like any animate being, the badness of the disease will change among the person. A good, accurate veterinary will see everything before doing the concluding determination ( UoM 1993 ) . A veterinarian or an proprietor that merely goes in handling the cow without doing an accurate diagnosing will more frequently than non run up a good sized vet measure and could do the animate being more jobs. By and large, when handling hardware disease, the forecast for the animate being is pretty decent. The major point of this disease that keeps being repeated is that hardware disease is wholly preventable. More frequently than non, the proprietor is wholly incognizant that the animate being could contract hardware disease. A field that looks all nice and green without weeds and is clean will be thought to be less likely to do such a disease. When proprietors and other people think of hardware disease and how it is caused, many can visualize a field that is cluttered with metal and any type of debris available on the land to be picked up. Even though a field does non hold metal cluttered all over does non intend that there is some at that place. William claude dukenfields need to be check exhaustively before seting cowss in the field, or any animate being for that affair. If the husbandman does look into the Fieldss before the farm animal are put in at that place, so more frequently than non, the farm animal will populate and bring forth for many old ages to come. Another thing any manufacturer needs to be cognizant of is all the informational benefits they have. A husbandman can travel on-line anyplace in the state and happen information on hardware disease, every bit good as other diseases. If the husbandman is unable to acquire on-line to seek these diseases, the local veterinary and extension agent should hold more than adequate information on the disease. If all else fails, the manufacturer can happen information in books and diaries and magazines. With a small cleanliness in the Fieldss and around the feeding countries cowss should hold a smaller opportunity of acquiring hardware disease. So the following clip you are sauntering through a field and see a little piece of metal, no affair how little it is, retrieve, you could salvage your farm animal ‘s life and salvage you several 100s, if non 1000s of dollars in veterinary measures.Plants CitedBarringer, Sam. Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . [ Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] Available from: hypertext transfer p rotocol: //www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/hwaredis/hwaredis.htmuckly, Thomas. Hardware Disease is ranking rural Ranchers [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1999 Sep 9 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.press-enterprise.com/newsarchive/1999/09/25/938237021.htmlGadberry Shane, Jeremy Powell. Nutritional Disorder in Beef Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Arkansas [ Cited 2009 Nov 11 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-3071.pdfMerck Veterinary Manual [ Internet ] . Merck & A ; Co inc. [ Updated 2008 ; Cited 2009 Nov 8 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp? cfile=htm/bc/21706.htmMoseley, Bonnard L. Hardware Disease of Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Missouri [ Updated 1993 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx? P=G7700Thomas, Heather Smith. Hardware in Cattle [ Inter net ] Oliver Del Signore [ Updated 1998 ; Cited 2009 Nov 17 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.countrysidemag.com/issues/93/93-6/hardware_in_cattle.htmlTorell Ron, David Thian. Back to Basicss: Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . Oregon State University Extension Service [ Updated 2009 Oct ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.oregonstate.edu/malheur/sites/default/files/LS_October09.pdfTraumatic Reticulates [ Internet ] . National Animal disease information service [ Updated 2007 ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/241/traumatic-reticulitis-wireYoshida Yasuyuki. Total and differential leucocyte counts of Traumatic Gastritis Classified under three types in Dairy Cows [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1986 Sep 10 ; Cited 2009 Nov 7 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/society/38-2608.pdf

Computer-Mediated Communication

Many problems arise when people communicate over the internet. In fact, over the past few weeks, with our class communicating via email and GoogleSites, I encountered a few obstacles. It was difficult to process all the information being sent out. I was wary of reading every single post because it was just so much information. I certainly thought it was a great way to really see how computer mediated communication affected relationships. The interesting thing is that my generation is so keen on using facebook, twitter, myspace, etc. But when it comes to something like email, it feels disorganized or confusing to us.When it came to the GoogleSites, I found it difficult to navigate through everything. I rarely check my email and really just use it to send junk mail to. Relationships develop differently over the internet than in person or over the phone. For one thing, the internet creates a certain veil for people hide behind. Here you can take as much time as you like to think about w hat you will say. You have much more power to direct which way the conversation will go. You have the ability to say whatever you please without much of a consequence. There is also a huge disconnect between the two people communicating.It's not uncommon for strangers to get in heated political debates, saying hurtful things in order to get a message across. It's much less common to lose control of yourself when speaking face-to-face because there are possible consequences if you offend the other person. You may feel more sympathy and guilt. Whereas on the internet, the disconnect is greater. The internet can be very beneficial for relationships, however. For instance, many people who have difficulty communicating their thoughts to people in person, now have the ability to speak freely and comfortably.They often find it easier to talk to another person this way. Another benefit is the easy access to communicating on the internet when no other communication is available. Soldiers acr oss seas may be able to speak daily to their loved ones over the internet. During the wars before the internet, soldiers relied on written letters. This may be a more romantic and story tale way of communicating, but the reality is, the internet brings much comfort to the soldier and his family. There are obvious downsides of communicating over the internet. Relationships may often develop too rapidly or dishonestly because of it.Feedback from one person to the other may become unclear create confusion. In person, because of body language, eye contact, and vocal tone, it is much easier to communicate clearly and express your thoughts. While we can still express our thoughts on the internet, we must take into account that our voice, body language, and tone, are all missing. It is especially important to express your thoughts clearly on the internet so that all audiences and people you are speaking with understand you clearly. The internet is a window to almost all information you cou ld possibly be in search for.It is the world in the palm of your hand. Yet most people do not use it for this purpose. It can be a huge distraction and time waster when it comes to getting things completed. Students often use it as a way to keep their minds off of homework that needs doing. I strongly believe that it contributes to a person's attention span, making it easy to multitask and do a million things at once. Life used to move more slowly, assignments were done thoroughly and thoughtfully with complete attention on the task at hand. Now, students may find it difficult just to sit down for an hour and focus on one thing.When things need doing, they are usually done quickly and thoughtlessly without much effort being put into it. The one thing that makes computer-mediated communication different from any other form of communication is the speed at which you can communicate. There is almost no waiting for the message to be sent, just instant communication. The beauty of commun ication before the internet was how important it was to people. They held it very close to themselves and it was a very personal thing to everyone. Now, communication has lost its quality. Sure, it's communication, but it's not nearly as personal.People speak without thinking, or even feeling. Relationships are diluted because of the internet. They are not as genuine, as rare, as special, anymore. Relationships formed before speaking on the internet may still be genuine and valuable. But relationships formed on the internet often develop too quickly and possibly dishonestly. There is no sure way to tell when a person is telling the truth and it is much harder to get to know a person this way. To overcome the problems associated with computer-mediated communication we must be able to trust what we are reading from the person sending the message.The biggest and most crucial rule I would create would be honesty. It is so easy to form a different identity on the internet. A very extreme example of this would be child molesters pretending they are teens in chat rooms or on facebook to befriend younger children. Though this is a really extreme case, it just goes to show that when people are given unlimited opportunities to do what they please without any consequences, what they may never think to do in reality is now a possibility. By staying honest to the person, as well as that person remaining honest, communication can become much clearer.When we can trust what we read, we can continue on with the relationship. Another rule to ensure clear communication would be the use of proper spelling and grammar. Many messages can be misleading because of misspelled words and can even give the impression to the reader that the person is uneducated. Incorrect spelling can create an image of the speaker that is not a true representation of themselves. I believe these two rules are the most crucial in ensuring that a message via the internet is interpreted correctly.

How Art Is Affected By Hegemony And Vice Versa - 2218 Words

The following paper will be an evaluation of Parastou Forouhar an Iranian artist whose parents were killed. This paper will primarily look at how art is affected by hegemony and vice versa. To do this I will include brief analyses of Foruhar’s art work and how they relate to common themes that have been discussed throughout this semester. The primary themes thus far are agency and empowerment. To accomplish this, I will use a variety of sources that will help differentiate each term as well as discussing the cultural and gender implications of patriarchal governments that are primarily run by religious text. The paper will also discuss Iranian women social discourse in art Shirin Neshat will also be discussed. As a member of the artistic community something that has always bothered me is the usage of specific pronouns during artistic compliments. What do I mean by pronouns do you ask? 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